Thermoelectric Materials
Semiconductor materials that convert temperature differentials directly into electrical energy, enabling waste heat recovery in automotive powertrains.
Overview
Thermoelectric materials generate electrical voltage from a temperature gradient (Seebeck effect) or conversely create a temperature difference when current is applied (Peltier effect). In automotive engineering, thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are positioned in exhaust systems to capture waste heat — which can account for 30–40% of fuel energy — and convert it into usable electricity, improving fuel efficiency and reducing CO₂ emissions. Common thermoelectric materials include bismuth telluride (Bi₂Te₃) for lower temperatures, lead telluride (PbTe) for mid-range, and half-Heusler alloys or silicon-germanium for high-temperature exhaust applications. They are also used in solid-state seat cooling/heating systems replacing conventional refrigerant-based HVAC.
Automotive Applications
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Properties
Category
Type
Energy Harvesting Material
Available Colors
Available Forms
Key Properties
- Converts heat to electricity
- No moving parts
- Solid-state reliability
- Scalable output
- Bidirectional (heating and cooling)
Technical Specifications
Density
7.7–7.9 g/cm³ (Bi₂Te₃)
Temperature Resistance
Up to 600°C (PbTe); up to 1,000°C (SiGe alloys)
Sustainability
Sustainability Rating
Thermoelectric waste heat recovery can improve ICE efficiency by 3–10%, directly reducing fuel consumption and CO₂ output. Some materials (e.g. lead telluride) contain restricted substances requiring careful end-of-life management.